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The bar-headed goose has higher tolerance for low oxygen pressure than A. anser and high hemoglobin haemoglobin (Hb)[Note: UK spelling & definition of abbreviation on first use] oxygen affinity, which allows. These characteristics allow it to survive at high altitudes. There are only four amino acid differences in the Hb of these species, but substitution of Pro for Ala[Check: “Pro with Ala” i.e. Pro->Ala vs. Ala->Pro] at position 119 in bar-headed goose Hb reduces contact between α1 and β 1 subunits compared with A. anser. The increased oxygen affinity is due to destabilization of the protein's deoxy T state by relaxation of the α1β1 interface. Here, This paper describes the A. indicus oxyhaemoglobin crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction at 2 Å resolution (PDB entry: 1a4f) and we described it compared with in comparison with the deoxy T state(PDB entry: 1hv4).

Level 2 は文の構造改善（文分離など）を可能な範囲で行う校閲です。
※下記はLEVEL 1と異なる箇所のみを抜粋しています。

The second step is to determine the magnetic field dependence of the transverse momentum (i.e., pt) resolution. In a strong magnetic field, the radius of the helix of the trajectory becomes shorter resulting in better pt resolution in the case of high-momentum tracks, but in. In the case of low-momentum tracks, however, the particle does not reach every detector and the hit number decreases resulting in lower pt resolution.

The bar-headed goose has higher tolerance for low oxygen pressure than A. anser and high haemoglobin (Hb)[Note: UK spelling & definition of abbreviation on first use] oxygen affinity. These characteristics allow it to survive at high altitudes. There are only four amino acid differences in the Hb of these species, but substitution of Pro for Ala[Check: “Pro with Ala” i.e. Pro->Ala vs. Ala->Pro] at position 119 in bar-headed goose Hb reduces contact between α1 and β 1 subunits compared with A. anser. The increased oxygen affinity is due to destabilisation of the protein’s deoxy T state by relaxation of the α1β1 interface. This paper describes the A. indicus oxyhaemoglobin crystal structure determined by X-ray diffraction at 2 Å resolution (PDB entry: 1a4f) in comparison with the deoxy T state (PDB entry: 1hv4).

In general, bar-headed goose haemoglobin has the same structure as other Hbs, and is a tetramer comprised of two 141-residue α-chains and two 146-residue β-chains bound noncovalently consisting mostly of antiparallel helices (mostly α-helices) with short β-turns and no β-sheets.

We ran TRACKERR to check the behaviour of the simulation. As the first step, we checked the dr and dz resolutions of each momentum track where the particle trajectory is perpendicular to the z direction. In this case, the impact parameter resolution should asymptotically approach the measurement error of the 1st layer of the PXD (50 μm/√12 – 14 μm) at high momentum and suffer from degradation due to multiple scattering at low momentum. The difference between the slant and straight designs should be very small because there are only tiny differences in detector settings (at the location of the 4th layer) in this direction. The results are shown in Figure 4.5. The calculated dr and dz resolutions were 12.5 μm and 14 μm at momentum of 3 GeV/c, respectively. These values were consistent with the expectation that the resolution would be dominated by the resolution of the innermost PXD (~14 μm). The momentum dependence of the dr and dz resolutions shown in Figure 4.5 was also as expected.

The second step is to determine the magnetic field dependence of the transverse momentum (i.e., pt) resolution. In a strong magnetic field, the radius of the helix of the trajectory becomes shorter resulting in better pt resolution in the case of high-momentum tracks. In the case of low-momentum tracks, however, the particle does not reach every detector and the hit number decreases resulting in lower pt resolution. The results for B = 1.5 and 1.2 T are shown in Figure 4.6. We found better pt resolution for strong magnetic fields at high momentum and weak magnetic fields at low momentum, consistent with expectations. The results of these checks confirmed that TRACKERR runs correctly.

英文校閲エキスパート（Level 2）→英文リライト（Level 3）へアップグレード➡詳細

The bar-headed goose, Anser indicus, has markedly higher tolerance for low oxygen pressure pressures than A. related lowland species, such as the greylag goose, Anser anser and high[Note: inconsistent use of Latin species name; also, the full genus name is usually required on first use for each species]. This increased tolerance is reflected in the significantly higher oxygen affinity of its haemoglobin (Hb) oxygen affinity. These characteristics allow it[Note: UK spelling & definition of abbreviation on first use], which allows this species to survive at high higher altitudes. There are than its lowland relatives.

The Hbs of these two species show only four amino acid differences in the Hb of these species, but However, a Pro to Ala substitution of[Note: ambiguous-PDB check indicates Pro for →Ala not Ala→Pro] at position amino acid residue 119 in bar-headed goose Hb reduces contact between the α1 and β1 subunits compared to in comparison with A. anser. The, which confers increased oxygen affinity is due to destabilisation of the protein’s by destabilising[Note: UK spelling] the protein's deoxy T state by due to relaxation of the α1β1 interface. This paper describes theThe crystal structure of A. indicus oxyhaemoglobin crystal structure determined[Note: UK spelling] was solved by X-ray diffraction at 2 Å a resolution of 2 Å (PDB entry: 1a4f) and is compared to compared here with the deoxy T state (PDB entry: 1hv4).

In general,Overall, the bar-headed goose haemoglobin has molecule shows the same general structure as other Hbs, and is a tetramer comprised of possessing two 141-residue α-chains and two 146-residue β-chains of 141 and 146 residues, respectively, bound to each other noncovalently consisting mostly. The molecule is comprised primarily of antiparallel helices (mostly α-helices) with linked by short β-turns and with no β-sheets.

英文校閲エキスパート（Level 2）→英文リライト（Level 3）へアップグレード➡詳細

We ran used the package TRACKERR to check verify the behaviour of the simulation. AsIn the first step, we checked the dr and dz resolutions of each momentum track tracks where the particle trajectory is was perpendicular to the z direction. In this case,For high-momentum tracks, the impact parameter resolution should converge asymptotically approach the measurement error of toward the 1st layer tolerance of the PXD 1st layer (50 μm/√12 – 14 μm) at high, while low-momentum and suffer from degradation tracks should be degraded due to multiple scattering at low momentum effects. The difference differences between the slant and straight designs should be very negligible due to the small because there are only tiny differences in detector settings (at the location of the 4th layer) in for this direction. The results are in the 4th layer, as shown in Figure 4.5. The calculated dr and dz resolutions were 12.5 μm and 14 μm at for 3 GeV/c momentum of 3 GeV/c tracks, respectively. These values wereThis result was consistent with the expectation that the overall resolution would should be dominated by the resolution of the innermost PXD (~14 μm). The dr and dz resolution momentum dependence of the dr and dz resolutions shown in Figure 4.5 was the plot also as expected conformed to expectations.

TheIn the second step is to determine, we measured the magnetic field dependence of the transverse momentum (i.e., pt) resolution. InThe helical radius of a track in a strong magnetic field, the radius of the helix of the trajectory becomes shorter resulting in is small, allowing for better pt resolution in the case of at high momentum tracks. In the case ofTracks with low momentum tracks, however, the particle does will not reach pass through every detector and the. The resulting reduction in hit number decreases resulting in leads to lower pt resolution. The results for B = 1.5 and 1.2 T are shown in Figure 4.6. We found betterConsistent with predictions, pt resolution for was the most sensitive for high-momentum tracks in strong magnetic fields at high and low-momentum and tracks in weak magnetic fields at low momentum, consistent with expectations. The results of these checks confirmed that TRACKERR runs correctly ran as expected.

The bar-headed goose, Anser indicus, has markedly higher tolerance for low oxygen pressures than related lowland species, such as the greylag goose, Anser anser[Note: inconsistent use of Latin species name; also, the full genus name is usually required on first use for each species]. This increased tolerance is reflected in the significantly higher oxygen affinity of its haemoglobin (Hb)[Note: UK spelling & definition of abbreviation on first use], which allows this species to survive at higher altitudes than its lowland relatives.

The Hbs of these two species show only four amino acid differences. However, a Pro to Ala substitution[Note: ambiguous-PDB check indicates Pro→Ala not Ala→Pro] at amino acid residue 119 in bar-headed goose Hb reduces contact between the α1 and β1 subunits in comparison with A. anser, which confers increased oxygen affinity by destabilising[Note: UK spelling] the protein's deoxy T state due to relaxation of the α1β1 interface. The crystal structure of A. indicus oxyhaemoglobin[Note: UK spelling] was solved by X-ray diffraction at a resolution of 2 Å (PDB entry: 1a4f) and is compared here with the deoxy T state (PDB entry: 1hv4).

Overall, the bar-headed goose haemoglobin molecule shows the same general structure as other Hbs, and is a tetramer possessing two α- and two β-chains of 141 and 146 residues, respectively, bound to each other noncovalently. The molecule is comprised primarily of antiparallel helices (mostly α-helices) linked by short β-turns with no β-sheets.

We used the package TRACKERR to verify the behaviour of the simulation. In the first step, we checked the dr and dz resolutions of momentum tracks where the particle trajectory was perpendicular to the z direction. For high-momentum tracks, the impact parameter resolution should converge asymptotically toward the tolerance of the PXD 1st layer (50 μm/√12 – 14 μm), while low-momentum tracks should be degraded due to multiple scattering effects. The differences between the slant and straight designs should be negligible due to the small differences in detector settings for this direction in the 4th layer, as shown in Figure 4.5. The calculated dr and dz resolutions were 12.5 μm and 14 μm for 3 GeV/c momentum tracks, respectively. This result was consistent with the expectation that overall resolution should be dominated by the innermost PXD (~14 μm). The dr and dz resolution momentum dependence shown in the plot also conformed to expectations.

In the second step, we measured the magnetic field dependence of the transverse momentum (i.e., pt) resolution. The helical radius of a track in a strong magnetic field is small, allowing for better pt resolution at high momentum. Tracks with low momentum, however, will not pass through every detector. The resulting reduction in hit number leads to lower pt resolution. The results for B = 1.5 and 1.2 T are shown in Figure 4.6. Consistent with predictions, pt resolution was the most sensitive for high-momentum tracks in strong magnetic fields and low-momentum tracks in weak magnetic fields. The results of these checks confirmed that TRACKERR ran as expected.

SinceAs water can be electrolyzed to into hydrogen and oxygen, polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) can essentially reverse this process to produce electricity from stored, using a store of hydrogen and available oxygen from in the surrounding ambient air. From a cost perspective,Cost challenges to PEFCs include the challenge is to develop the development of highly active and durable catalytic materials in making to create cathode or anode catalysts. From an environmental standpoint,Environmental challenges include the challenge is the need to move away from non-green fuels sources of fuel such as natural gas commonly used to produce in the production of hydrogen. Cathode catalysts made from durable nitrogen-doped carbon materials and or inexpensive Ni–Mo nanocomposites are represent promising alternatives to Pt-based catalysts, and recent research has successfully addressed industry industrial requirements to produce hydrogen by cracking brine of splitting salt water without pretreatment to produce hydrogen using polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers. Developments in new PEFC technology are also helping to improve production costs and energy efficiency, potentially replacing opening the door to replace thermal power plants and internal combustion engines in industrial and transportation applications.

As water can be electrolyzed into hydrogen and oxygen, polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) can essentially reverse this process to produce electricity, using a store of hydrogen and available oxygen in ambient air. Cost challenges to PEFCs include the development of highly active and durable catalytic materials to create cathode or anode catalysts. Environmental challenges include the need to move away from non-green sources of fuel such as natural gas commonly used in the production of hydrogen. Cathode catalysts made from durable nitrogen-doped carbon materials or inexpensive Ni–Mo nanocomposites represent promising alternatives to Pt-based catalysts, and recent research has successfully addressed industrial requirements of splitting salt water without pretreatment to produce hydrogen using polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers. Developments in new PEFC technology are also helping to improve production costs and energy efficiency, opening the door to replace thermal power plants and internal combustion engines in industrial and transportation applications.

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Although English orginated in within British culture, but today it is now widely used around the world as a “universal language.” For exsample theThis is reflected in United States federal government gudelines require requiring government agencies to use plain English(1), and in fact plain English has become the standard writing style in American journalism.

(1) Plain English: https://www.justice.gov/open/plain-writing-act

There are many countries whereEnglish is spoken as the native language, and as a result, many in many coyntries, giving rise to numerous regional varieties have developed variations. For instance example, Canadian English generally uses follows British spelling conventions, while incorporating element of American grammar and vocabulary. Its pronunciation is close to American English. but although it usually has typically features fewer liaisons and is often sounds perceived as clearer.

Even in Japan, which isAlthough not part of the English-speaking world, a unique style Japan has developed a distinctive variety of English has developed. During the Meiji and Taishō periods (1868–1926), English education in Japan was based on British standards. However after style. After Japan’s defeat in World War II, however documents submitted to the General Headquarters (GHQ) had to be written using, the Allied occupation authority, were required to use American spelling, which encouraged effectively prompting a shift toward American usage conventions. American English then had subsequently exerted a strong influence on English education in Japan. At first the changeInitially, this was mainly in limited to spelling, but over time American expressions and usage became dominant. On the other handNevertheless, traces of British style can still be seen today, especially remain, particularly in punctuation.

AlthoughDespite their global use, these newer varieties of English are used around the world, they are generally not accepted in academic writing, such as including research papers.

In the modern times era, the influence of American English has become so strong pervasive that even native speakers sometimes find it difficult struggle to distinguish Standard British English from the regional varieties variants used within the United Kingdom. In this situation context. Oxford English—whose spelling rules conventions differ between academic writing and newspapers—has become come to be more clearly defined. Each version form has its own style manual to maintain ensure consistency and avoid minimize ambiguity. As a result, the newspaper version variant of Oxford English has become established as the standard model of British English in many English-language schools.

Although English originated within British culture, it is now widely used around the world as a “universal language.” This is reflected in United States federal guidelines requiring government agencies to use plain English(1), and plain English has become standard in American journalism.

(1) Plain English: https://www.justice.gov/open/plain-writing-act

English is the native language in many countries, giving rise to numerous regional variations. For example, Canadian English generally follows British spelling conventions, while incorporating elements of American grammar and vocabulary. Its pronunciation is close to American English, although it typically features fewer liaisons and is often perceived as clearer.

Although not part of the English-speaking world, Japan has developed a distinctive variety of English. During the Meiji and Taishō periods (1868–1926), English education in Japan was based on British style. After Japan’s defeat in World War II, however, documents submitted to the General Headquarters (GHQ), the Allied occupation authority, were required to use American spelling, effectively prompting a shift toward American conventions. American English subsequently exerted a strong influence on English education in Japan. Initially, this was limited to spelling, but over time American expressions and usage became dominant. Nevertheless, traces of British style still remain, particularly in punctuation.

Despite their global use, these newer varieties of English are generally not accepted in academic writing, including research papers.

In the modern era, the influence of American English has become so pervasive that even native speakers sometimes struggle to distinguish Standard British English from the regional variants used within the United Kingdom. In this context, Oxford English—whose spelling conventions differ between academic writing and newspapers—has come to be more clearly defined. Each form has its own style manual to ensure consistency and minimize ambiguity. As a result, the newspaper variant of Oxford English has become established as the standard model of British English in many English-language schools.